Digital watermarks. Currently used for purposes of detecting violations of media copyright laws.
OK, it's more complicated in the context of political personages: but elected people capable of initiating horrendous acts like initiating nuclear war MUST insist on all media with them in has to contain a secure watermark, similar to a public key, that says the media was approved by them. If it doesn't, or if it doesn't meet the watermark tests, they didn't say it, weren't there, or didn't do it.
News organizations will have a time with this approach, since they want to broadcast videos they generated of public figures -- but a similar method of including watermarks to identify the source could help inform consumers about the veracity of the information. Maybe this could act as a way to counter the current mantra of "fake news" that is so present now. An issue here is the possibility of some political figure saying something really stupid that (1) they don't personally watermark and (2) is extremely inflammatory in a military sense. How to deal with this? The news org adds its own watermark so others can determine it's news from a legit source but not necessarily policy from the people in the video.
Social media companies like F***book, G*ogle and the like will be required to use S/W to verify the veracity of videos, if they don't they get hit hard. They ARE interested in the truth, right??? (not)
Other public figures will likely want to come on board so they can't be subject to specious media -- videos, audio, photos -- and that increases the chances that fakes will be quickly identified. In an ideal world deep fakes will be confined to an advertisement tool that will quickly become passe'.
A recent PBS news broadcast mentioned various types of video-analysis approaches that can, at present, detect fakes. But that approach will eventually prove to be useless -- the bad guys will figure out what the good guys are doing, and will improve their software to counter. So there will be the equivalent of an arms race, and continuing controversy on what is real and what is not.
As technology continues to create problems, it is necessary to adapt while maintaining the precepts outlined in our constitution and amendments. It's nuts to insist on a "pure" interpretation of those documents, given how technology has (and will) continue to change. I could go into many other aspects of change that those old white guys (some slave owners among them) could not have dreamed of: so we need to get over a purist approach of "if they didn't talk about it, we don't, either". The basic concepts laid out are good, but in today's environment they need to expanded to cover current issues. And that must be continued as humankind continues to evolve in a technological, social and genetic frame.
Now that the genie is out of the bottle, it is necessary to tattoo the genie so he/she/it can't get away with deceiving the more intelligent among us.
Unfortunately that seems to be the minority.
I currently have no digital watermark. But in this age, maybe everyone will need one, like a digital fingerprint that no one other than myself can place in a document. That's an interesting subject in itself, spanning personal freedom issues and ID theft problems. ...
Wednesday, June 12, 2019
Sunday, May 26, 2019
Solvency
OK, nothing to do with insufficient funds. I've been experimenting with different solvents and decarbed MJ to see how the fluorescence depends on the solvent. I don't have any photos (yet). The table below summarizes my results to date.
Solvent Fluorescence color
Hexane Red
NMP Orange (has a yellow component)
N-Butanol Yellow-orange
DMF Red (not quite the same tint as hexane)
Propylene carbonate Yellow-orange
NMP: n-methyl pyrrolidone
DMF: dimethyl formamide
All the solvents except hexane are polar, with a varying range of dielectric constants and dipole moments (most on the high side). Water falls into this category, but cannabinoids aren't very soluble in water. Cannabinoids do appear to be fairly soluble in hexane, NMP, n-butanol, DMF and propylene carbonate. I also checked an ethyl alcohol tincture I made some time back, and it doesn't appear to fluoresce at all (it WAS made with decarbed MJ). Time to try acetone to see how it performs.
The plant material I'm using for this particular set of comparisons has low to zero CBD content (just to keep things simple at this point). So I don't know if CBD behaves the same or not. I also don't know the concentration of all the other cannabinoids this particular clone can contain, so that could be a complicating factor.
Ideally, there's a solvent out there that would produce different-enough fluorescent colors for CBD and THC to be able to distinguish them. Examination of the molecular structures shows their main differences are on different locations on their molecules, compared to where their carboxyl group WAS (prior to being decarbed) -- so I'm not hopeful this approach will work for determining the THC:CBD ratio for a particular clone. But it's worth some additional investigation . The solvents I'm using are relatively inexpensive and available through Ebay or Amazon, and they're not excessively toxic (even ethanol is toxic, if exposure is too high). Of course, it's a good idea to keep your exposure to solvents to a minimum no matter how "safe" they are claimed to be. I use chemical gloves and good ventilation to avoid exposure.
Solvent Fluorescence color
Hexane Red
NMP Orange (has a yellow component)
N-Butanol Yellow-orange
DMF Red (not quite the same tint as hexane)
Propylene carbonate Yellow-orange
NMP: n-methyl pyrrolidone
DMF: dimethyl formamide
All the solvents except hexane are polar, with a varying range of dielectric constants and dipole moments (most on the high side). Water falls into this category, but cannabinoids aren't very soluble in water. Cannabinoids do appear to be fairly soluble in hexane, NMP, n-butanol, DMF and propylene carbonate. I also checked an ethyl alcohol tincture I made some time back, and it doesn't appear to fluoresce at all (it WAS made with decarbed MJ). Time to try acetone to see how it performs.
The plant material I'm using for this particular set of comparisons has low to zero CBD content (just to keep things simple at this point). So I don't know if CBD behaves the same or not. I also don't know the concentration of all the other cannabinoids this particular clone can contain, so that could be a complicating factor.
Ideally, there's a solvent out there that would produce different-enough fluorescent colors for CBD and THC to be able to distinguish them. Examination of the molecular structures shows their main differences are on different locations on their molecules, compared to where their carboxyl group WAS (prior to being decarbed) -- so I'm not hopeful this approach will work for determining the THC:CBD ratio for a particular clone. But it's worth some additional investigation . The solvents I'm using are relatively inexpensive and available through Ebay or Amazon, and they're not excessively toxic (even ethanol is toxic, if exposure is too high). Of course, it's a good idea to keep your exposure to solvents to a minimum no matter how "safe" they are claimed to be. I use chemical gloves and good ventilation to avoid exposure.
Saturday, May 25, 2019
Home-brew Cannabis potency analysis
Last year, due to an issue with improperly-marked marijuana plants, we ended up with some plants that had zero CBD content. We are interested in the pain management properties of CBD, not getting high, so last year was a waste of our gardening time, water and garden space. It was when I started looking into ways of doing my own analysis. Sending material to a lab is expensive, particularly if you want to test a number of times to optimize your THC/CBD ratio (which depends on the "ripeness" of the buds). My results, if successful, also could be helpful to others who are depending on getting the right "stuff" for their needs.
I started by looking at current mainstream methods. Mainstream analysis techniques fall into several categories: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. Thin Layer Chromatography kits can be purchased for home use, but they're not very good for quantitative work -- the size of a particular colored blob on the TLC plate is roughly proportional to the amount of chemical (THC, CBD etc.), but in my experience it was difficult to interpret the streaks on the plate.
While mulling over all these approaches, I did find a purely chemical way to at least tell you if your marijuana has some CBD in it. It's pretty simple, too: make up a 5% (by weight) solution of sodium hydroxide (A.K.A. lye) in ethanol or rubbing alcohol. Put 100-200 milligrams of your decarbed bud in a glass vial and add the solution at least halfway up the vial. Screw on the cap and shake vigorously. If the solution turns blue, your marijuana contains CBD. The darker the color, the more CBD you've got. THC doesn't turn blue. With careful solution preparation and careful weighing it might be possible to get a quantitative measure of the CBD, but you'd need a spectrometer to tell you what the absorptivity of the solution is. You can make a spectrometer using a web cam and DVD (for the diffraction grating).
I also discovered a paper that has a lot of information on cannabinoid analysis. Its title: "Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Data of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.", by Arno Hazekamp, Anja Peltenburg and Rob Verpoorte. It turns out decarbed cannabinoids have a distinctive red fluorescence when illuminated by UV. This may be the basis of a commercial THC analysis gadget that is currently selling for around $300 (pure speculation on my part). The photo below shows three different samples I examined. Two are decarbed bud and one is UN-decarbed. Hexane is used as the solvent.
Pretty interesting. While not shown, I also observed the same fluorescence in cannaoil made with coconut oil. It glows a very pretty orange color, while pure coconut oil just reflects the purple color of the UV flashlight. Cannaoil made with un-decarbed cannabis also doesn't glow orange. The flashlight's peak output is specified to be at 390 nm.
The fact that the decarbed cannabinoids fluoresce suggests the mechanism is related to the site where the carboxyl group was (formerly) attached. It's a benzene ring structure with an OH attached so technically speaking it's a phenol. It would be nice if CBD fluoresced with a different color but at least the effect can be useful for a total cannabinoid test.
Searching the web, I found a thread on a MJ forum where the poster had noted the same thing. The post mentioned some variability in the effect, comparing a commercial extract to a home-brew version. I suspect the starting materials were different -- one was decarbed, the other, not. There was speculation that the fluorescence was from chlorophyll, but as can be seen in my photo above, a chlorophyll-loaded UNdecarbed sample doesn't glow orange. It's the vial on the right.
I started by looking at current mainstream methods. Mainstream analysis techniques fall into several categories: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. Thin Layer Chromatography kits can be purchased for home use, but they're not very good for quantitative work -- the size of a particular colored blob on the TLC plate is roughly proportional to the amount of chemical (THC, CBD etc.), but in my experience it was difficult to interpret the streaks on the plate.
While mulling over all these approaches, I did find a purely chemical way to at least tell you if your marijuana has some CBD in it. It's pretty simple, too: make up a 5% (by weight) solution of sodium hydroxide (A.K.A. lye) in ethanol or rubbing alcohol. Put 100-200 milligrams of your decarbed bud in a glass vial and add the solution at least halfway up the vial. Screw on the cap and shake vigorously. If the solution turns blue, your marijuana contains CBD. The darker the color, the more CBD you've got. THC doesn't turn blue. With careful solution preparation and careful weighing it might be possible to get a quantitative measure of the CBD, but you'd need a spectrometer to tell you what the absorptivity of the solution is. You can make a spectrometer using a web cam and DVD (for the diffraction grating).
I also discovered a paper that has a lot of information on cannabinoid analysis. Its title: "Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Data of Cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L.", by Arno Hazekamp, Anja Peltenburg and Rob Verpoorte. It turns out decarbed cannabinoids have a distinctive red fluorescence when illuminated by UV. This may be the basis of a commercial THC analysis gadget that is currently selling for around $300 (pure speculation on my part). The photo below shows three different samples I examined. Two are decarbed bud and one is UN-decarbed. Hexane is used as the solvent.
Pretty interesting. While not shown, I also observed the same fluorescence in cannaoil made with coconut oil. It glows a very pretty orange color, while pure coconut oil just reflects the purple color of the UV flashlight. Cannaoil made with un-decarbed cannabis also doesn't glow orange. The flashlight's peak output is specified to be at 390 nm.
The fact that the decarbed cannabinoids fluoresce suggests the mechanism is related to the site where the carboxyl group was (formerly) attached. It's a benzene ring structure with an OH attached so technically speaking it's a phenol. It would be nice if CBD fluoresced with a different color but at least the effect can be useful for a total cannabinoid test.
Searching the web, I found a thread on a MJ forum where the poster had noted the same thing. The post mentioned some variability in the effect, comparing a commercial extract to a home-brew version. I suspect the starting materials were different -- one was decarbed, the other, not. There was speculation that the fluorescence was from chlorophyll, but as can be seen in my photo above, a chlorophyll-loaded UNdecarbed sample doesn't glow orange. It's the vial on the right.
Monday, May 13, 2019
Spectrometer -- Useful for CBD/THC analysis?
Conclusion: I got a nice spectrometer to play with, but the idea of using Fast Blue B dye as a way to distinguish THC from CBD didn't work out.
Sunday, December 23, 2018
Home-brew Spectrometer
Due to a quality control problem at a local marijuana dispensary, we found the high-CBD plants we thought we had actually were unknowns. This became apparent when the plants got big enough to exhibit their typical growth habit and odor (smell can vary widely among different clone types). To make it clear: we want high CBD for pain management. Not interested in getting high.
Via online searching I found a chemical test for CBD and it showed that just one of the 3 clones contained much CBD -- but, unfortunately, the test is not very quantitative. It relies on the development of a purple color when the plant material is added to a 5% solution of sodium hydroxide dissolved in alcohol. The darker the color, the more CBD is present. But eyeballing is not very accurate. I started thinking that a spectrometer might improve the accuracy of the test. In addition to the alcohol-hydroxide test, there is a very sensitive test that will stain THC and CBD slightly different colors. It is a dye called Fast Blue B, dissolved in water, and is used to develop thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates. So it MIGHT be possible to determine the ratio of THC and CBD by using Fast Blue B and a spectrometer to resolve the different colors.
But commercial spectrometers are expensive. Sure, it is possible to find them for less money on Ebay: but often they need software and a computer, and if the package is complete the price goes up. The other aspect of this work is to hopefully make it possible for others to do the same measurements on their own material, so a one-off purchase from ebay won't cut it. As an alternative I found an open-source spectrometer here. Cost is around $50. For that you get a web cam, an optical slit, a CD-R disk (to turn into a diffraction grating), a black cardboard box and materials to assemble it all. I put the thing together and found it wasn't mechanically stable enough to generate repeatable absorption spectrograms. So I used the essential parts -- the camera and slit -- and built my own spectrometer. The photos below show the spectrometer I put together.
Exterior showing the slit and lid. The "hinge" is a length of adhesive-backed aluminum (which is opaque to light).
This is a photo showing the "optical holder" design. It is a block of oak with a flat-bottomed hole just large and deep enough to glue in a super magnet. The bottom of the spectrometer is a steel plate, so the blocks stay put -- but are easy to move around to optimize the optical path.
And here is a photo of the interior. The diffraction grating is glued to one of the optical blocks. I sawed a slit in the block to provide a robust mounting point for the grating. The web cam is attached to an optical block using heavy-duty double-sticky tape. The corners of the enclosure are reinforced with wood blocks that were glued in place. The top, sides, and ends of the box are made using foam-core poster board. Black, of course. I also put a length of the poster board on the bottom, to reduce reflections that would degrade contrast of the spectrum. I had some black silicone caulk so I ran a bead along the front corners and along the bottom edges as well, to reduce light leaks.
And here is the spectrum of a CFL lamp, obtained using my spectrometer:
Unfortunately, I found the web camera is not compatible with the Public Labs spectrometer software. At least, not on my linux laptop. So I found it necessary to write my own program(s) to do the job. I found a starting point here but it has a fairly serious memory management problem -- it acquires a bunch of frames, and only then performes averaging. I modified the code to acquire one video frame, then extract ONE line of interest for processing. This way I can average over any number of frames without running out of memory. I also wrote a version to get the calibration factors needed to convert pixel positions to wavelengths. The end result is a system that easily resolves the two green emission lines around 540 nanometers, and has a low noise level in the data.
Now I can move on to testing my THC/CBD measurement idea....
Via online searching I found a chemical test for CBD and it showed that just one of the 3 clones contained much CBD -- but, unfortunately, the test is not very quantitative. It relies on the development of a purple color when the plant material is added to a 5% solution of sodium hydroxide dissolved in alcohol. The darker the color, the more CBD is present. But eyeballing is not very accurate. I started thinking that a spectrometer might improve the accuracy of the test. In addition to the alcohol-hydroxide test, there is a very sensitive test that will stain THC and CBD slightly different colors. It is a dye called Fast Blue B, dissolved in water, and is used to develop thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates. So it MIGHT be possible to determine the ratio of THC and CBD by using Fast Blue B and a spectrometer to resolve the different colors.
But commercial spectrometers are expensive. Sure, it is possible to find them for less money on Ebay: but often they need software and a computer, and if the package is complete the price goes up. The other aspect of this work is to hopefully make it possible for others to do the same measurements on their own material, so a one-off purchase from ebay won't cut it. As an alternative I found an open-source spectrometer here. Cost is around $50. For that you get a web cam, an optical slit, a CD-R disk (to turn into a diffraction grating), a black cardboard box and materials to assemble it all. I put the thing together and found it wasn't mechanically stable enough to generate repeatable absorption spectrograms. So I used the essential parts -- the camera and slit -- and built my own spectrometer. The photos below show the spectrometer I put together.
Exterior showing the slit and lid. The "hinge" is a length of adhesive-backed aluminum (which is opaque to light).
This is a photo showing the "optical holder" design. It is a block of oak with a flat-bottomed hole just large and deep enough to glue in a super magnet. The bottom of the spectrometer is a steel plate, so the blocks stay put -- but are easy to move around to optimize the optical path.
And here is a photo of the interior. The diffraction grating is glued to one of the optical blocks. I sawed a slit in the block to provide a robust mounting point for the grating. The web cam is attached to an optical block using heavy-duty double-sticky tape. The corners of the enclosure are reinforced with wood blocks that were glued in place. The top, sides, and ends of the box are made using foam-core poster board. Black, of course. I also put a length of the poster board on the bottom, to reduce reflections that would degrade contrast of the spectrum. I had some black silicone caulk so I ran a bead along the front corners and along the bottom edges as well, to reduce light leaks.
And here is the spectrum of a CFL lamp, obtained using my spectrometer:
Unfortunately, I found the web camera is not compatible with the Public Labs spectrometer software. At least, not on my linux laptop. So I found it necessary to write my own program(s) to do the job. I found a starting point here but it has a fairly serious memory management problem -- it acquires a bunch of frames, and only then performes averaging. I modified the code to acquire one video frame, then extract ONE line of interest for processing. This way I can average over any number of frames without running out of memory. I also wrote a version to get the calibration factors needed to convert pixel positions to wavelengths. The end result is a system that easily resolves the two green emission lines around 540 nanometers, and has a low noise level in the data.
Now I can move on to testing my THC/CBD measurement idea....
Tuesday, October 16, 2018
Update
A lot has happened since my last post. Some highlights:
I have a new hip joint. The joint on my right side was bone-on-bone, painful enough to restrict my activities. The surgery went quite well -- I was out of hospital the same day of the procedure! And right now I'm pretty much back to normal as far as muscle strength in that leg.
Another interesting project: our old barn. Two winters ago we had a fairly heavy snow fall, and the weight was enough to cause one of the walls to buckle. Not much of a foundation, especially after many years of dry rot. Fortunately the wall just dropped a few feet before finding a new equilibrium, and the rest of the barn was flexible enough to not shatter. It just looks pretty bent. I am in the process of rebuilding the wall. I am jacking up that side using some harbor freight "farm jacks". The temporary support header is several feet over from the old wall, so, once the barn is back to square (more or less) I will install new concrete footers and a new wall. I will post some photos when I have a chance.
The garden is our perennial summer project, and like previous summers it took a lot of time. I'm just glad I was in good enough condition so we could get the garden in. We did have some help putting in some things, like the cucumber and bean trellises -- thanks to Mike and Debbie for that! However, I wasn't quite in good enough shape to mulch the garden like I usually do, and we paid the price -- weeds galore. And perhaps that is why our peppers and tomatoes didn't do as well this year as previous years. Even so, we got enough tomatoes to put up 40 pounds of tomato-vegetable juice and 20 pounds of pasta sauce.
Another milestone: we initiated a quarterly "draw" from our investments, to cover expenses. Up to that point we were funding our expenses from savings in the bank accounts. I have tracked our burn rate so had a pretty good idea on what we would need on a quarterly basis.
I have a new hip joint. The joint on my right side was bone-on-bone, painful enough to restrict my activities. The surgery went quite well -- I was out of hospital the same day of the procedure! And right now I'm pretty much back to normal as far as muscle strength in that leg.
Another interesting project: our old barn. Two winters ago we had a fairly heavy snow fall, and the weight was enough to cause one of the walls to buckle. Not much of a foundation, especially after many years of dry rot. Fortunately the wall just dropped a few feet before finding a new equilibrium, and the rest of the barn was flexible enough to not shatter. It just looks pretty bent. I am in the process of rebuilding the wall. I am jacking up that side using some harbor freight "farm jacks". The temporary support header is several feet over from the old wall, so, once the barn is back to square (more or less) I will install new concrete footers and a new wall. I will post some photos when I have a chance.
The garden is our perennial summer project, and like previous summers it took a lot of time. I'm just glad I was in good enough condition so we could get the garden in. We did have some help putting in some things, like the cucumber and bean trellises -- thanks to Mike and Debbie for that! However, I wasn't quite in good enough shape to mulch the garden like I usually do, and we paid the price -- weeds galore. And perhaps that is why our peppers and tomatoes didn't do as well this year as previous years. Even so, we got enough tomatoes to put up 40 pounds of tomato-vegetable juice and 20 pounds of pasta sauce.
Another milestone: we initiated a quarterly "draw" from our investments, to cover expenses. Up to that point we were funding our expenses from savings in the bank accounts. I have tracked our burn rate so had a pretty good idea on what we would need on a quarterly basis.
Sunday, December 31, 2017
Garden Goodies
Here are a couple of photos showing some of our garden produce.
The top photo is a bowl-full of Aji Limon peppers. They are spicy with a fair amount of "sneaker heat", and, in addition to the yellow color, they actually do have a nice citrus-like flavor. I turned these into a fermented brined-pepper mash. Very tasty, and a good way to preserve garden produce for the winter.
The second photo shows the winter squash we got this year. There are several varieties shown here: Cinderella pumpkin (the large orange guys), Kuru (small orange), Buttercup (small dark green), Sweet Meat (medium-sized gray-green), Butternut (oblong tan fruits), and Queensland Blue (medium sized gray-green, ribbed). The Kuru and Queensland Blue were new to us this year. We like the Kuru -- we put it in a batch of Mussaman Curry last night. The Queensland Blue is very hard and dense, but the flavor is not as good as the others. Our overall favorite winter squash: Sweet Meat. Best keeper: Butternut.
The second photo shows the winter squash we got this year. There are several varieties shown here: Cinderella pumpkin (the large orange guys), Kuru (small orange), Buttercup (small dark green), Sweet Meat (medium-sized gray-green), Butternut (oblong tan fruits), and Queensland Blue (medium sized gray-green, ribbed). The Kuru and Queensland Blue were new to us this year. We like the Kuru -- we put it in a batch of Mussaman Curry last night. The Queensland Blue is very hard and dense, but the flavor is not as good as the others. Our overall favorite winter squash: Sweet Meat. Best keeper: Butternut.
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